Early men feared
death because death meant the creation of a new ghost. Ghosts were
thought to have supernatural powers, but not supernatural intelligence.
Attempts to trick ghosts led to many strange behaviors, some of which
continue in today's world. Some people still imagine that an outward
pretense of piety can win the favor of God.
Primitive men
believed that angry ghosts were sources of grief and misfortune. They
avoided houses where death had occurred, and this ritual delayed early
tribes from building permanent villages. People observed silence during
mourning to encourage the ghost to leave. Wives were sometimes buried
alive with their dead husbands, and slaves were buried with their
masters.
Sometimes months
were spent in the inactivity of mourning. Tools, weapons, and other
property were destroyed for the use of the ghost. Ancient funerals
wasted enormous amounts of resources, and it was a great advance when
the notion of inheritance replaced burning and burying the dead person's
property.
Divination,
sooth-saying, astrology, magic, and many other strange practices developed
from early people's attempts to trick ghosts. Children were kept inside
after dark, people were afraid to yawn, and phallic cults appeared.
Women were veiled. The advancement of art was stifled because beauty
supposedly incited the envy of ghosts. Ghost cult rituals were designed
to ward off bad luck. Later men attempted to court good luck by bribing
ghosts; humans still tend to bargain with deity. Cursing and finger
crossing are remnants of ancient ghost cult rituals.
Cults throughout
history have had both positive and negative results for human civilization.
Cults retard social progress but preserve ceremony; they can either
stifle or enhance philosophy. Cults serve as skeletal structures around
which the living body of personal spiritual experience grows.