Primitive people
believed that spirits enjoyed human misery, and that staying in favor
with the gods depended on either doing or avoiding specific things.
This belief led to the birth of taboos. Later, religion made taboos
into sins; confession, renunciation, and sacrifices developed. People
bargained for the favor of God by fasting, chastity, voluntary poverty,
and self‑torture.
Early sacrifices
included plucking hair, knocking out teeth, cutting off fingers and
other mutilations. People offered sacrifices to the gods as thanksgiving
and for the redemption of debts. Later, the idea of sacrificial substitution
evolved into the atonement concept-an insurance policy against the displeasure
of deity.
Cannibalism at
one time was nearly universal, serving social, economic, religious,
and military purposes. The Sangik races were cannibalistic; the pure-line
Andonites, Nodites and Adamites were not. The Dalamatia taboo against
cannibalism spread throughout the world, and cannibalism fell greatly
out of common practice once human sacrifice made human flesh the food
of the gods. Human sacrifice endured various modifications, including
animal sacrifice, enforced exile, temple prostitution, temple virgins,
bloodletting, physical mutilation, circumcision, castration, piercing,
tattooing, and scarring. Moses tried to put an end to human sacrifice
among the Hebrews by inventing a system of ransoms to priests as a substitute.
The practices of ransom, redemption, and covenants have
evolved into the modern-day sacraments. Early prayers were crude bartering
agreements with the spirit world, but they demonstrated human progress
in that people had evolved to the point that they dared to make deals
with God.